The Classification of Cultures Essay Example For Students

The Classification of Cultures Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesCulture is a hot topic. Scholars (Fukoyama, Huntington, to mention but two) disagree about whether this is the end of history or the beginning of a particularly nasty chapter of it. What makes cultures tick and why some of them tick discernibly better than others is the main bone of contention. We can view cultures through the prism of their attitude towards their constituents : the individuals they are comprised of. More so, we can classify them in accordance with their approach towards humanness, the experience of being human. We will write a custom essay on The Classification of Cultures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some cultures are evidently anthropocentric others are anthropo-transcendental. These two lingual coins need elaboration to be fully comprehended. A culture which cherishes the human potential and strives to create the conditions needed for its fullest materialization and manifestation is an anthropocentric culture. Such striving is the top priority, the crowning achievement, the measuring rod of such a culture, its attainment its criterion of success or failure. On the other pole of the dichotomy we find cultures which look beyond humanity. This transcendental look has multiple purposes. Some cultures want to transcend human limitations, others to derive meaning, yet others to maintain social equilibrium. But what is common to all of them regardless of purpose is the subjugation of human endeavour, of human experience, human potential, all things human to this transcendence. Granted : cultures resemble living organisms. They evolve, they develop, they procreate. None of them was created the way it is today. Cultures go through Differential Phases wherein they re-define and re-invent themselves using varied parameters. Once these phases are over the results are enshrined during the Inertial Phases. The Differential Phases are period of social dislocation and upheaval, of critical, even revolutionary thinking, of new technologies, new methods of achieving set social goals, identity crises, imitation and differentiation. They are followed by phases of a diametrically opposed character :Preservation, even stagnation, ritualism, repetition, rigidity, emphasis on structures rather than contents. Anthropocentric cultures have differential phases which are longer than the inertial ones. Anthropotranscendental ones tend to display a reverse pattern. This still does not solve two basic enigmas :What causes the transition between differential and inertial phases ?Why is it that anthropocentricity coincides with differentiation and progress / evolution while other types of cultures with an inertial framework ?A culture can be described by using a few axes :Distinguishing versus Consuming culturesSome cultures give weight and presence (though not necessarily equal) to each of their constituent elements (the individual and social structures). Each such element is idiosyncratic and unique. Such cultures would accentuate attention to details, private enterprise, initiative, innovation, entrepreneurship, inventiveness, youth, status symbols, consumption, money, creativity, art, science and technology. These are the things that distinguish one individual from another. Other cultures engulf their constituents, assimilate them to the point of consumption. They are deemed, a priori, to be redundant, their worth a function of their actual contribution to the whole. Such cultures emphasize generalizations, stereotypes, conformity, consensus, belonging, social structures, procedures, forms, undertakings involving the labour or other input of human masses. Future versus Past Oriented CulturesSome cultures look to the past real or imaginary for inspiration, motivation, sustenance, hope, guidance and direction. These cultures tend to direct their efforts and resources and invest them in what IS. They are, therefore, bound to be materialistic, figurative, substantive, earthly. They are likely to prefer old age to youth, old habits to new, old buildings to modern architecture, etc. This preference of the Elders (a term of veneration) over the Youngsters (a denigrating term) typifies them strongly. These cultures are likely to be risk averse. .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .postImageUrl , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:hover , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:visited , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:active { border:0!important; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:active , .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17cc3dcb9aa4351f7f22be7f58c2fdef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Breakfast Club EssayOther cultures look to the future always projected for the same reasons. These cultures invest their efforts and resources in an ephemeral future (upon the nature or image of which there is no agreement or certainty). These cultures are, inevitably, more abstract (living in an eternal Gedankenexperiment), more imaginative, more creative (having to design multiple scenarios just to survive). They are also more likely to have a youth cult : to prefer the young, the new, the revolutionary, the fresh to the old, the habitual, the predictable. They are be risk-centered and risk-assuming cultures. Static Versus Dynamic (Emergent) CulturesConsensus versus Conflictual CulturesSome cultures are more cohesive, coherent, rigid and well-bounded and constrained. As a result, they will maintain an unchanging nature and be static. They discourage anything which could unbalance them or perturb their equilibrium and homeostasis. These cultures encourage consensus-building, teamwork, togetherness and we-ness, mass experiences, social sanctions and social regulation, structured socialization, peer loyalty, belonging, homogeneity, identity formation through allegiance to a group. These cultures employ numerous self-preservation mechanisms and strict hierarchy, obedience, discipline, discrimination (by sex, by race, above all, by age and familial affiliation). Other cultures seem more ruffled, arbitrary, or disturbed. They are pluralistic, heterogeneous and torn. These are the dynamic (or, fashionably, the emergent) cultures. They encourage conflict as the main arbiter in the social and economic spheres (the invisible hand of the market or the American checks and balances), contractual and transactional relationships, partisanship, utilitarianism, heterogeneity, self fulfilment, fluidity of the social structures, democracy. Exogenic-extrinsic Meaning CulturesVersus Endogenic-intrinsic Meaning CulturesSome cultures derive their sense of meaning, of direction and of the resulting wish-fulfillment by referring to frameworks which are outside them or bigger than them. They derive meaning only through incorporation or reference. The encompassing framework could be God, History, the Nation, a Calling or a Mission, a larger Social Structure, a Doctrine, an Ideology, or a Value or Belief System, an Enemy, a Friend, the Future anything qualifies which is bigger and outside the meaning-seeking culture. Other cultures derive their sense of meaning, of direction and of the resulting wish fulfilment by referring to themselves and to themselves only. It is not that these cultures ignore the past they just do not re-live it. It is not that they do not possess a Values or a Belief System or even an ideology it is that they are open to the possibility of altering it. While in the first type of cultures, Man is meaningless were it not for the outside systems which endow him with meaning In the latter the outside systems are meaningless were it not for Man who endows them with meaning. Virtually Revolutionary Culturesversus Structurally-Paradigmatically Revolutionary CulturesAll cultures no matter how inert and conservative evolve through the differential phases. These phases are transitory and, therefore, revolutionary in nature. Still, there are two types of revolution :The Virtual Revolution is a change (sometimes, radical) of the structure while the content is mostly preserved. It is very much like changing the hardware without changing any of the software in a computer. The other kind of revolution is more profound. It usually involves the transformation or metamorphosis of both structure and content. In other cases, the structures remain intact but they are hollowed out, their previous content replaced by new one. This is a change of paradigm (superbly described by the late Thomas Kuhn in his masterpiece: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions). The Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome Differentiating FactorAs a result of all the above, cultures react with shock either to change or to its absence. A taxonomy of cultures can be established along these lines:Those cultures which regard change as a trauma and those who traumatically react to the absence of change, to paralysis and stagnation. .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .postImageUrl , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:hover , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:visited , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:active { border:0!important; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:active , .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u959ff9f13dacf0c9619ebe1ec60f4fab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Game Of Sports Marketing EssayThis is true in every sphere of life : the economic, the social, in the arts, the sciences. Neurotic Adaptive versus Normally Adaptive CulturesThis is the dividing line:Some cultures feed off fear and trauma. To adapt, they developed neuroses. Other cultures feed off hope and love they have adapted normally. Neurotic Cultures Normal CulturesConsuming DistinguishingPast Oriented Future OrientedStatic Dynamic (Emergent)Consensual ConflictiveExogenic-Extrinsic Endogenic-IntrinsicVirtual Revolutionary Structurally-Paradigmatically RevolutionaryPTSS reaction to change PTSS reaction to stagnation So, are these types of cultures doomed to clash, as the current fad goes or can they cohabitate ?It seems that the Neurotic cultures are less adapted to win the battle to survive. The fittest are those cultures flexible enough to respond to an ever changing world and at an ever increasing pace, at that. The neurotic cultures are slow to respond, rigid and convulsive. Being past-orientated means that they emulate and imitate the normal cultures but only when they have become part of the past. Alternatively, they assimilate and adopt some of the attributes of the past of normal cultures. This is why a traveller who visits a neurotic culture (and is coming from a normal one) often has the feeling that he has been thrust to the past, that he is experiencing a time travel. A War of Cultures is, therefore, not very plausible. The neurotic cultures need the normal cultures. The latter are the generators of the formers future. A normal cultures past is a neurotic cultures future. Deep inside, the neurotic cultures know that something is wrong with them, that they are ill-adapted. That is why members of these cultural spheres entertain overt emotions of envy, hostility even hatred coupled with explicit sensations of inferiority, inadequacy, disappointment, disillusionment and despair. The eruptive nature (the neurotic rage) of these cultures is exactly the result of these inner turmoils. On the other hand, soliloquy is not action, often it is a substitute to it. Very few neurotic cultures are suicidal and then for very brief periods of time. To forgo the benefits of learning from the experience of normal cultures how to survive would be suicidal, indeed. This is why I think that the transition to a different cultural model, replete with different morals, will be completed with success. But it will not eliminate all pervious models I foresee cohabitation.

Factoid and Tabloid

Factoid and Tabloid Factoid and Tabloid Factoid and Tabloid By Maeve Maddox My use of the word factoid in the sense of â€Å"a little fact† in a recent post earned me considerable disapproval from my readers. Here are just two examples: Really, Maeve, â€Å"FACTOID?!?† So you mean to say you are lying to us? You mean to say those are not facts, but, like asteroids or humanoids, merely things that have the APPEARANCE of them?   its like seeing Superman jaywalk. I wanted to cry Say it aint so, Maeve! I apologized in the comments for using factoid in this way. I did not try to justify my use by referring to this secondary definition in Merriam-Webster: â€Å"a briefly stated and usually trivial fact.† As has been stated numerous times on this site, by both writers and readers, â€Å"But, it’s in the Dictionary!† is no justification for using a word irresponsibly. Writer Norman Mailer coined the term factoid by adding the suffix -oid to fact. The suffix -oid is used chiefly in science to form nouns meaning â€Å"something having the form or appearance of; something related or allied in structure, but not identical.† A factoid, therefore, resembles a fact but is not to be relied upon as being completely factual. Bottom line, speakers who care about maintaining useful distinctions will agree with the astute blogger who wrote this in 2010: It seems to me to be the waste of a good word to use  factoid  with the sense of â€Å"brief factual item† when it provides such a useful word for the half-truths and opinions that pass for â€Å"facts† in much of the media. We already have the word  trivia  for â€Å"a trivial, or little-known fact.† Actually, that’s probably not the bottom line. Defend the â€Å"true† meaning of factoid as we might, the word’s meaning has begun to evolve. Some words, despite efforts to make them mean only one thing, take on a life of their own–even in the speech of those who initially resist the change. The more one hears a word used with new meanings, the easier it is to forget the meaning it started with. The word tabloid is a case in point. Like factoid, the word tabloid is a coinage. It was trademarked in 1884 as a brand name for a small, flat, compressed piece of a medicinal substance: a medicine tablet. In 1903, the manufacturers brought suit against druggists who were calling their own tablets â€Å"tabloids.† The company not only lost their suit, the defendants succeeded in reversing the word’s trademark status. Here’s the ruling: The word Tabloid has become so well-knownin consequence of the use of it by the Plaintiff firm in connection with their compressed drugs that I think it has acquired a secondary sense in which it has been used and may legitimately be used so long as it does not interfere with their trade rights. I think the word has been so applied generally with reference to the notion of a compressed form or dose of anything. After the court decision, tabloid lost its capital T and was used generically to mean anything that provided a lot of value in a small package: The small speedy Sopwith biplane has been nicknamed the ‘Tabloid’ because it contains so many good qualities in such small compass. –Aeroplane, 1913. When gossipy newspapers with pages half the size of standard newspapers came into vogue, they were called tabloids. Because the content of tabloid newspapers is deliberately scandalous and irreverent, the word has given birth to tabloid as an adjective meaning sensationalistic, and tabloidy, meaning trashy. Not only is factoid now in wide use with the meaning â€Å"a minor fact,† it has taken on a new meaning in the realm of industrial trade shows. I found a reference to â€Å"product factoids† on a Cardiovascular Research Foundation site: A product factoid is a PowerPoint presentation of product and/or treatment specs. These could include product size, product profile, and approval status. CRF has designed PowerPoint templates specific to each product or treatment category. Here’s a link to the article by the astute blogger quoted above: â€Å"What’s a Factoid?† As regards my own lapse, The only thing faster than the speed of thought is the speed of forgetfulness. Good thing we have other people to help us remember.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œVera Nazarian. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Process - Essay Example Human life, like the life of a leaf, goes through various stages from birth to death and Mrs. Diane Ackerman's symbolic representation of this process helps one in comprehending the real nature of life. The process of human life is symbolically similar to that of a leaf that changes from a green leaf to the dirt, according to the laws of nature. A leaf is very tender and light green when it starts its growth and it becomes green and full of life when days pass by. Similarly, a human being grows from his infancy through adulthood to old age and he becomes part of mud and dirt when he dies. It is a process which is similar to the growth a leaf from a green leaf to the dirt and this process asserts that change is essential for nature by which it preserves the balance of the world. Mrs. Diane Ackerman effectively presents the process of human life through the symbolic representation of a leaf's life from green leaf to the dirt. Human life is a process which starts with birth and ends in death, and it is according to the law of change which keeps the nature in balance. First of all, when a child is born it is like the tender plant or leaf and both grow to become mature. Then, the tender leaf grows to become a green leaf and it is an important phase of its development.